Pulp Fiction (
1994) is an
American crime film directed by
Quentin Tarantino, who cowrote its screenplay with
Roger Avary. The film is known for its rich,
eclectic dialogue,
ironic mix of humor and violence,
nonlinear storyline, and host of cinematic
allusions and
pop culture references. The film was nominated for seven
Oscars, including
Best Picture; Tarantino and Avary won for
Best Original Screenplay. It was also awarded the
Palme d'Or at the
1994 Cannes Film Festival. A major critical and commercial success, it revitalized the career of its leading man,
John Travolta, who received an
Academy Award nomination, as did costars
Samuel L. Jackson and
Uma Thurman.
Directed in a highly stylized manner,
Pulp Fiction joins the intersecting storylines of
Los Angeles mobsters, fringe players, small-time criminals, and a mysterious briefcase. Considerable screen time is devoted to conversations and monologues that reveal the characters' senses of humor and perspectives on life. The film's title refers to the
pulp magazines and
hardboiled crime novels popular during the mid-20th century, known for their graphic violence and punchy dialogue.
Pulp Fiction is
self-referential from its opening moments, beginning with a
title card that gives two dictionary definitions of "pulp". The plot, in keeping with most of Tarantino's other works, is presented out of chronological sequence.
The picture's self-reflexivity, unconventional structure, and extensive use of
homage and
pastiche have led critics to describe it as a prime example of
postmodern film. Considered by some critics a
black comedy,
[See, e.g., King (2002), pp. 185–7; ; ] the film is also frequently labeled a "
neo-noir".
[See, e.g., Waxman (2005), p. 64; Silver and Ursini (2004), p. 65; Real (1996), p. 122.] Critic
Geoffrey O'Brien argues otherwise: "The old-time
noir passions, the brooding melancholy and operatic death scenes, would be altogether out of place in the crisp and brightly lit wonderland that Tarantino conjures up.
is neither neo-noir nor a parody of noir".
[O'Brien (1994), p. 90.] Similarly,
Nicholas Christopher calls it "more gangland
camp than neo-noir",
[Christopher (2006), p. 240. See also Rubin (1999), pp. 174–5.] and
Foster Hirsch suggests that its "trippy fantasy landscape" characterizes it more definitively than any genre label.
[Hirsch (1997), p. 359.] Pulp Fiction is viewed as the inspiration for many later movies that adopted various elements of its style. The nature of its development, marketing, and distribution and its consequent profitability had a sweeping effect on the field of
independent cinema. A cultural watershed,
Pulp Fictions influence has been felt in several other popular media.